The Incarceration Of Women Prisons - 1298 Words

Women Incarceration in US prisons Incarceration of women in United States prisons due to drugs-related cases is increasing at an alarming rate. Incarceration serves as one of the main punishment and rehabilitation of drugs-related offenses. While some are in to drugs abuse and trade willingly, others are innocently involved. It could be because of being used to distribute on behalf of their husbands or boyfriends, or even by simply living with people who are involved in the trade. In fact, 70% are those imprisoned due to non-violent drug-related crimes (American Jail Association. 2014). Life of women in prison is faced with a lot of challenges than that of men. First of all, bearing in mind that most of these women have young children to take care of, it is quite devastating to be separated from their babies. Such undergo psychological trauma which weighs them down to almost unrecoverable state. Especially those caught under conspiracy laws find the judgment quite harsh because they could be totally innocent. Living with a husband or a boyfriend who deals with drugs doesn’t mean that they conspire. It could all along be happening in high secrecy such that the wife or girlfriend doesn’t know their partners involvement. When a woman is caught and incarcerated under such a circumstance, they will definitely suffer psychologically. This doesn’t mean that others caught under conspiracy or even direct trade of drugs do not suffer. They equally suffer psychologically because thereShow MoreRelatedIncarceration Of Women s Prisons1584 Words   |  7 Pag esJessica Guallpa 16 December 2015 Incarceration of Women Women s prisons in general are much more different and complicated than a men s prison. When entering a women s prison, the first thing that you need to know is it has changed significantly over the years. Women first began to make an appearance in prisons in the earlier years, but were not heavily charged as comparison to men. In the earlier years of the 1870’s the United States began placing women in correctional facilities separate fromRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Incarceration On African Americans1019 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican youth will experience a parent’s incarceration. Research has shown that children of incarcerated parents experience emotional problems, socioeconomic problems, and cognitive disturbances (Miller, 2007). In this paper, I will discuss the impact of mass incarceration in the African American community and its effect on African American children. Incidence and Prevalence Until the 1970’s America was on par with Germany and France in incarceration rates (Campbell, Vogel, Williams, 2015) Read MoreRacism: Incarceration of a Household Member and Hispanic Health Disparities1344 Words   |  6 Pageslooking at our nation’s prison system and how the incarceration rates are skewed towards African American men. The reasons for the incarceration rate disparity are argued and different between races, but history points out and starts to show the reason of why the disparity began. Families and children of the incarcerated are adversely affected due to the discrimination as well as the discrimination against African American students and their likelihood of going to prison compared to the white studentRead MoreThe United States : A Growing Problem With Women1553 Words   |  7 PagesStates has a growing problem with women in the criminal justice system. There has been a dramatic increase of women since the 1980’s. In addition, the increas e of women has brought mothers into the equation. Pregnant mothers who are allowed to keep their newborn while incarcerated has been theorized to have many positive results. Including a higher chance of a positive reentry, allow bonding time between the mother and her child, and easing the pain of their incarceration. Laws vary from state to stateRead MoreMass Incarceration And Its Effects On Society1492 Words   |  6 Pagesabout mass incarceration has it that mass incarceration is putting a stop to crimes. Today it has become common to dismiss the truth about mass incarceration. The Editorial Board of New York Times Magazine acknowledge that America`s imprisonment population has progressed to about 2.2 million (the Editorial Board). The Editorial Board is basically saying America is locking up more people than any country nationwide. What`s the solution? This has been going on since the 1970`s . The prison system containsRead MoreThe American Justice System Is Corrupt1536 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesthat away from people who have done something wrong even when it s for petty stuff like writing a bad check. Some stuff is understandable like murder or other stuff, but some is outrageous. The American prison population has been absolutely ridiculous; it s crazy for the U.S. To have such high prison rates. The more you know about it the more frustrating it gets, and if you ask almost anyone you would think so too. The only people who might agree are big business s owners like American Express andRead MoreThe American Education System1437 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung ages. The educational system has taken a backseat when it comes to funding prisons; youths have chosen to live a life of crime, as education has become less substantial than money and resources allocated to prisons. Although television shows such as Lock Up or Lock Down expose the harsh realities of the wars that are ongoing in prison, the war on education has taken a substantial effect on young men and women, and has landed several youths to be housed among the general population, which isRead More Are Prisons Effective? Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesAre Prisons Effective? Imprisonment; is it beneficial or non-beneficial? This argument is presented from the viewpoint of both sides of this issue. One group, The Council on Crime in America, is pro-incarceration; while on the other side of this issue, The National Criminal Justice Commission, is con-incarceration. Both sides have presented their viewpoints clearly and factually. Those who are for incarceration present their opinions in such a way as to sway the reader toward acceptingRead More1. Describe the basis of feminist criminology.877 Words   |  4 Pagesit had on society was largely ignored by the criminological futurity. Those Criminologist who did attempt to research female crime such as Thomas and Pollak were not only very damning of women but were also very condescending, choosing to stereotype them as either Madonna or whore (Feinman). Law abiding women were described as passive, obedient, chastic, childlike whereas the deviant as aggressive, defiant, sexually impulsive, becomingly adult and even masculine in nature. (Law.jrank.org/pages1218/feministRead MoreMale And Female Sentencing : A Look Into Alternative Sentencing1274 Words   |  6 PagesA Look into Alternative Sentencing Ritchey, Christian American Military University Author Note This paper was prepared for CRMJ201. Abstract With incarceration rates rising and jail and prison populations at an all-time high, alternative sentencing is being used more often with non-violent offenders. This paper looks at male and female incarceration rates, the use of alternative programs for sentencing between the two and the effectiveness of such programs. During the paper we will analyze sentencing

No One Would Listen free essay sample

There was no explanation of the continuous one percent yield in over forty five stocks that Madoff dealt with. Madoff took advantage of the laxity by the SEC officials in failing to follow up complains with an investigation, and the trust bestowed upon him by the high and mighty. As long as the public saw paper trail provided by Madoff that the stocks were continuously yielding dividends, there was no cause for alarm. The few people that realized that Madoff was actually pushing a Ponzi scheme alerted the appropriate authorities which in turn let Madoff off with a slap on the wrist. The SEC went to investigate Madoff in his building on the 18th and 19th floor but missed a whole 17th floor where the scam was mainly doing its operations. Over a period of nine years Markopolos alerted the SEC five times about the Ponzi scheme that Madoff was running, but they caught up with him when most of the money was already spent lavishly in gifts and exorbitant parties. One of the reasons Madoff was able to perpetrate his fraud for so long was his preference for marketing his investment business by word of mouth. Until the scams later years, people heard about it from friends. It was a private club, one that, famously, became only more desirable because of Madoffs seeming reluctance to admit new investors. One of the tacit conditions, as we know now, was an understanding that information about Madoff investments including their existence was to be held closely. Most investors complied. Who would want to anger Madoff and risk losing their privileges? When Barron came up with an article raising questions about Madoff nothing happened. The employees and traders shrugged it off. As it would later turn out, Madoffs illegal investment business was indeed subsidizing his legal trading operation. Among the charges to which Madoff pleaded guilty in March were three counts of money laundering, which involved transferring millions of dollars from Madoffs fraudulent business through his London operation to his legitimate New York business. At least $250 million was transferred in this manner, according to the charges. In 2006 when the SEC launched an investigation into Madoff’s dealings it was from persuasion from Markopolos that Madoff was running a Ponzi scheme and he was also a key source for the Mar/Hedge article. The SEC also examined whether Fairfield Greenwich, a giant feeder fund, was properly disclosing the extent of its reliance on Madoff. According to research by Harry Markopolos, it grew from as much as $7 billion in 2000 to as much as $50 billion by the end of 2005. What had started decades before as a small-time recruiting effort by Madoff agents at country clubs had gone global. Massive international institutions such as Grupo Santander, Fortis Bank, and Union Bancaire Privee were all funneling billions sometimes through intermediaries to Madoff, lured by the call of steady 10% to 12% returns. Even one of the worlds biggest sovereign funds, the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, ended up sinking tens of millions of dollars into the Ponzi scheme via its investment in one of the big feeder funds. The storm broke in 2008. The markets began a calamitous and accelerating decline. With their non-Madoff investments pulverized, more and more customers turned to what they thought were their most solid holding: They began requesting withdrawals from Madoffs fund. Madoff was keeping up his facade at work. But at home his desperation had begun to show. In November and early December, he asked his wife to make two transfers totaling $15. 5 million from a brokerage account to her personal bank account so that the cash would be at hand. Madoff had never made such a request before, two sources say. Ruth has insisted her husband didnt inform her of the fraud until the day before he was arrested. She maintains, according to one of these sources, that Bernie said he needed the cash to pay customer redemptions. By this point, $15. 5 million was a pittance compared with what he needed. As of early December, investors had demanded the return of some $7 billion. If Madoff truly withdrew his wifes money for that purpose, he had reached the point where he was rooting around in the sofa cushions for loose change. When the SEC arrived with dozens of agents from the FBI, and the Securities Investor Protection Commission, the 17th floor was abuzz with activity. The 17th floor was designated a crime scene, and guards were posted. The staffers who worked on 17 were herded to a small conference room near the coffee machines on the 18th floor, where they sat nervously in what some of them called office arrest. One by one they were taken to be questioned by the FBI. The companys computer and e-mail systems were shut down, so dozens of staffers passed the time watching movies, playing cards, and talking. Madoff managed to preserve a modicum of dignity, even as he pleaded guilty to 11 charges of fraud, theft, money-laundering, and perjury and absorbed the anger directed at him from the audience, where his victims watched. One of them addressed Madoff dir ectly: I dont know whether you had a chance to turn around and look at the victims, he said angrily. Madoff hesitated and then wheeled awkwardly in his seat as the judge admonished the victim for speaking to Madoff rather than to the court. When the judge remanded him to custody that day, Madoff silently pulled his shoulders back and allowed him to be handcuffed. The cuffs, which gleamed as if freshly polished, seemed somehow suited to the fastidious elegance of the defendant. Madoff was gone, likely never to take another step on free soil. And even if he doesnt get the maximum 150 years, whatever he does receive will effectively be a life sentence for a 71-year-old. As the sun set down on Madoff and his operations that embezzled more than 60 billion of the public’s money, I believe the SEC would’ve caught up with Madoff years earlier if they were more vigilant in his activities. Markopolos brought out some of the laxities of the SEC and am hoping these events will forever change the SEC and all laws should be followed to the letter when trading stocks. Bibliographic citation Kiobbo, Joseph. â€Å"No one would listen† Review of Harry Markopolos â€Å"No one would listen: A True Financial Thriller†. A casebook, ed. Harry Markopolos (2010).

Observing a Stranger Essay Sample free essay sample

Who: Description of the Person I have observed a lady who is about five pess tall and about one hundred 15 lbs. By looking at her eyes. I have a good ground to believe that she is Asiatic. This just skin person was have oning a black skirt suit which is neither excessively drawn-out nor excessively short. a cotton blouse with a simple neckband that goes highly good with the square silk scarf which does non hold excessively much forms. She was besides have oning a stocking that is extremely light in colour and a freshly polished black leather places with one and a half inch heel. She had a ring and a watchband every bit good. In footings of temper. she seemed to be in an first-class frame of head as she was ever smiling. She was so polite even with the servers of the eating house or any of the persons in the topographic point. We will write a custom essay sample on Observing a Stranger Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Where: Location I went to detect in the anteroom of one of the best hotels in Manhattan. I observed the individual in the eating house of the hotel merely next to where I am situated. Why: Reason for the Individual’s Presence in the Location I believe that she has a meeting with a client since the adult male who arrived shortly after she did was besides have oning insouciant concern garb ( Ramsey. 2007 ) . He looks highly professional as his shirt has the typical collars/sleeves and it evidently has no furrows ( Ramsey. 2007 ) . Although he has a moustache and burnsides. he still looks perfect because he is well-dressed ( Virginia Tech. 2006 ) . Just like her. it is obvious that he paid utmost attending to the tantrum of his garb ( Virginia Tech. 2006 ) . What: Description of What the Individual’s Doing She waited for him for about three proceedingss. When he arrived. they unfolded their serviettes so positioned them carefully on to their laps. When the waiter went over at their tabular array. they placed their orders instantly. After that they were served with the chief class. they had sweet. after that they had java. While basking their java. the lady showed a few things to the adult male. Several sheets of paper were taken out which seemed to be studies of interior designs. She was speaking. she was likely discoursing about those designs. Possibly. she was besides inquiring what the adult male thinks about it since the latter either nods or smilings and points at some of the sheets being shown by the lady. However. a few proceedingss after what seemed to be a presentation of interior designs. it was the man’s bend to state something drawn-out. While he was making that. the lady courteously accepts what seems to be suggestions. inquiries. reactions. etc of the adult male by taking down notes or merely cernuous. Discussion and Assessment of the Individual’s Behavior The lady that I have observed seemed to be a really nice individual. She is non merely professional ; she besides acts as if she is really well-mannered. â€Å"The sum and strength of interpersonal interactions† that the lady engaged in or exhibited shows that she is an â€Å"extravert† ( Meyers. 2004 ) . This is likely why she appears to be extremely sociable. ebullient. colloquial. etc. ( Meyers. 2004 ) . Furthermore. she is rather â€Å"agreeable† because of the fact that she exhibited the undermentioned features: â€Å"being concerted. determined. soft. helpful. etc† ( Meyers. 2004 ) . In add-on to that. she appears to hold the ability to â€Å"connect with others pityingly† ( Meyers. 2004 ) . Furthermore. I have observed that she is â€Å"careful. driven. hardworking. self-restraining. precise. responsible. well-organized. etc† which says much about â€Å"conscientiousness† or the â€Å"illustriousness of organisation. self-denial. and continuity that an single exhibits in making one’s aims† ( Meyers. 2004 ) . In add-on to the aforementioned. I have seen how adjusted and calm/composed she was even though the adult male disagreed to some of her statements when she was demoing her designs ( Meyers. 2004 ) . It merely demo how emotionally stable this individual is. Last but non least. I saw how earthy she is because of her ability to accept suggestions. corrections. etc ; intelligent and how inventive she is because of her designs ( Meyers. 2004 ) . Her openness is merely so admirable. Other Individuals’ Reactions on the Individual’s Presence/Behavior She is polite. neat. and really attractive ; possibly that was why I did non notice any negative reactions toward her presence/behavior. The others who besides ate there took glimpses over at their tabular array and in instance she’s besides looking she would give out a simple smiling. Individual’s Appropriateness of Behavior I believe that her â€Å"openness. emotional stableness. conscientiousness. amenity. etc† contributed greatly to my appraisal that her behaviour is truly extremely appropriate ( Ticao. 2001 ) . Rationale for My Assessment Openness. I said. because even if the adult male disagreed to some of her statements. she did non respond violently. alternatively she accepted those ; 2nd. emotional stableness. I said. because she was able to remain calm/composed in malice of the negative feedback coming from the adult male ; 3rd. painstaking because she worked really difficult and appeared to be really determined in finishing her undertaking and achieving her ends ; etc. ( Ticao. 2001 ) . How: Description of Effort I Made to Fully Observe the Stranger At first. I was merely sitting next to the eating house where the one I wanted to detect was seated. nevertheless. when my involvement on the topic got deeper. I went in the eating house myself and ordered for something merely to be able to detect more. For me. this is rather an attempt since I spent my two-week allowance in that hotel merely for this assignment. Pitfalls The booby trap or what I did non truly anticipate is that I will be able to acquire anything from that observation exercising. I seemed to hold been trapped in the portion where I did non even cognize what things to concentrate on to or pay attending to in the first topographic point. Contemplation Through this exercising. I have learned how of import it is to detect and look into elaborate facets of things. The rightness of behaviour is rather a learning experience on my portion since it is something that I can transport and use to run my life swimmingly. Mentions Meyers. D. ( 2004 ) .Psychology: Seventh Edition.New York: Deserving Publishers. Ramsey. L. ( 2007 ) .Proper Business Attire.Retrieved March 1. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sideroad. com/Business_Attire/proper-business-attire. hypertext markup language Ticao. C. J. ( 2001 ) .Introduction to Psychology.Q. C. : UP Press. Virginia Tech. ( 2006 ) .Business Casual Attire.Retrieved March 1. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. calling. vt. edu/JOBSEARC/BusCasual. htm

5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation

5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation 5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation 5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation By Mark Nichol Phrasal adjectives that consist of more than two words are often flawed in construction, perhaps because writers are hesitant to complicate a phrase with more than one hyphen. But hyphens are cheap and handy linking devices, and as these sentences show, their proper use enhances clarity. 1. â€Å"The high cost of the multi-million dollar catamarans caused many boats to drop out of the competition.† What, exactly, is a dollar catamaran, and what does it mean to describe it as multi-million? That’s the format of the question anyone who describes the cost of something should ask before considering such a sentence complete and correct. For one thing, the prefix multi-, like most prefixes, is almost invariably attached to another word without a hyphen (exception: if the other word begins with an i), but the resulting compound, multimillion, should be attached to dollar to modify what type of catamaran is under discussion: â€Å"The high cost of the multimillion-dollar catamarans caused many boats to drop out of the competition.† 2. â€Å"He met all the deadlines for the challenging four-week long assignment.† The error here is the same as the second one in the previous example the lack of a hyphen creates the impression that the last word in a phrasal adjective is itself modified by the preceding word or words. This sentence refers to a long assignment that is four weeks in nature. But long belongs with â€Å"four-week,† so it should be hyphenated to week to complete the phrase modifying assignment: â€Å"He met all the deadlines for the challenging four-week-long assignment.† 3. â€Å"The adviser some call the world’s second-most powerful man prefers to work behind the scenes. Second-most is a nonsensical modification of â€Å"powerful man.† Powerful is part of the ranking, so it should be part of the phrasal adjective: â€Å"The adviser some call the world’s second-most-powerful man prefers to work behind the scenes.† 4. â€Å"Listen to any song from our vast collection of twentieth and twenty-first century music.† This invitation refers to music of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, not century music of the twentieth and twenty-first. Twentieth is an elided form of twentieth-century, so it should be followed by a suspensive hyphen, and century should be attached to twenty-first with another hyphen: â€Å"Listen to any song from our vast collection of twentieth- and twenty-first-century music.† 5. â€Å"Business must be good for small-businessman John Smith.† Because businessman is a closed compound, this sentence requires a different solution but not â€Å"Business must be good for small-business-man John Smith.† Here, too, an appositive one or more words that rename something is mistaken for a phrasal adjective. For the sentence to work, the appositive must be reworded so that small and business can be hyphenated to modify just what John Smith is an owner of a small business: â€Å"Business must be good for small-business owner John Smith.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With8 Writing Tips for BeginnersPreposition Review #1: Chance of vs. Chance for

Manufacturing technology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Manufacturing technology - Coursework Example The fuel is then compressed and burnt after which it is expelled. Al the fuel is then moved through the cam or pop shaft, this is then moved to the gear and finally to the tires. An automotive piston that is found in the gasoline engine can withstand temperatures of up to 573K. There is a coolant that runs through the engine block and it always has a temperature of 363K. The piston must be cold when it is fixed into the cylinder. The piston can withstand high pressure of up to 10KPa inside the cylinder. It can withstand different atmospheres; it is able to do well in high latitude as well as low latitude. However in high humidity the engine uses less fuel as compared to low humidity. 1 There are several materials that can be used to make an automotive piston. Some of this include aluminum and copper alloys. The material to be used should be able to withstand high temperatures to start with. This is because the temperature of the engine is too high and so the material has to be able t o withstand this without melting or having to expand a lot. The material also has to be able to withstand high pressure. A material that does not withstand high pressure cannot be used in the engine because of the high pressure that is experienced in the engine. Due to its high melting point and its ability to withstand high pressure and stress, the ideal material to be used is aluminum. ... The best however is the assembly of all the piston pins and rods. Before the assembly, the con rod is taken and there bores arranged in a parallel manner. This arrangement ensures that there is no bending of the cones when they are finally in use. Lubrication is another factor that is necessary. Before the pins are assembled in the cones care is needed to lubricate the pins to ensure that there is less friction between the pins and the cons. For the piston to withstand corrosion and abrasion it needs to be smoothened at the surfaces to make it look more clear and new. For better selection of which type manufacturing process is needed, CES process is used. The physical advantages as well as the cost of the processes are looked into. The software then gives out the best process to be used in terms of the cost and the mechanical advantages that it has to offer. Different methods contain different advantages but the best one that is used here is the manufacture by the powder rod technolo gy. This process is the simplification of the sinter and the extensional press processes. During the (PPAP) process no heat or even spark should be removed so the forging is done in completely heating and when it is totally enclosed in the dies. Two forms of forging are necessary these are the hot upsetting and the hot repressing. In the hot upsetting, the there is a significant amount of lateral flow. The production per part approval process is the manufacturing process that was used here. This process has been approved by various agencies in the government as well as many institutions of higher learning. Unlike the (APQP) which has been used in the development and automotives for the many years, (PPAP) has few failures when it comes

Justification Letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justification Letter - Personal Statement Example Some of my clients in NY include Public Service Electric & Gas (PSEG), Chase/Chemnet Network Services, Bear Stearns Corporation, Swiss Bank Corporation, Perot Systems Corporation, HIS/Chic Jeans, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Merrill Lynch, Lehman Brothers Corporation, COMDISCO Corporation, Manufactures Hanover Bank (MHT), M&M Mars Corporation, Coopers & Lybrand, MasterCard International, Home Life Insurance Company, IBM Professional Services, Witco Chemical Corporation, The CIT Group and The General Foods Corporation. I transferred to the Washington DC area shortly after 9/11/2001 to look for contract work with the Government. The position at KForce was only presented to me as a full time employment and not as a sub-contract with Base Technology Incorporated. Hence, I was left with no alternative other than accept the position as such. I am very happy with my current position at US Customs and the people I work with. However, I am not an active employee of KGS in that I do not help to promote the company on any proposals etc. I really do not have any close ties to them. I have a hard time working as an employee of any company and feel better and perform better as an independent contractor because that is how I have lived the last 25 years prior to moving to the Wash DC area. It is my fervent desire to function under contract with you through STS and formally resign from my services with KGS forthwith. I now look forward to the pleasure of your favorable response at the earliest. Thank you, Faithfully yours, Jerry Harding

Effect of Politics on Airlines and Breweries

Effect of Politics on Airlines and Breweries The Effect of Political Factors on the Airline Industry and the Brewing Industry, 2005 Politics has a huge impact on all businesses, and the range of its influence is broad. Political factors include statutes which may be implemented because of a UK governmental decision or a decision in Europe, or by the UK being a signatory to an international agreement. Other legislation arises in response to issues such as terrorist threats. Other political influences include trade agreements, restrictions and opportunities arising from foreign governments’ policies or opposition groups in the form of political parties or pressure groups formed by the public to address specific issues, who may challenge, delay or obstruct government plans. This essay looks at the impact of recent political factors on the airline and brewing industries. The Airline Industry In a speech delivered in June 2005, Derek Twigg, the Transport Minister outlined progress on the Aviation White Paper. He recognised issues with capacity, particularly with recent increases in demand for low-cost flights (Twigg 2005). A fifth terminal at Heathrow Airport is being constructed, and additional runways are planned at Stansted and Heathrow. However, there is opposition, focused on noise pollution, fuel pollution, the strain on roads and rail links to airports, and the destruction of countryside to accommodate airport expansion. The government’s pursuit of its policies depends, stated Twigg, on the ability to meet strict environmental standards, and airlines’ increased expansion depends on successful implementation of these policies. Energy Policy The UK government has secured a commitment from airlines to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, but this will require investment from the airlines. The industry must strike a balance, spending on initiatives to become more ‘green’ in return for an infrastructure development policy from the government. Terrorism The 9/11 terrorist attack on the US had immediate consequences, with a drop in demand. This has had particular impact in the US, where a number of airlines have survived only because of Chapter 11 of US bankruptcy laws, which allows continued trading with protection from creditors until profitability is achieved. United Airlines has been operating under Chapter 11 for 3 years. Delta and Northwest are entering Chapter 11, and will probably follow a similar policy to United, focusing on international flights and disposing of smaller planes used for domestic flights (Field 2005). They will therefore continue to compete in the international market with protection: UK airlines would probably be forced out of business if they were to find themselves in a similar position. US anti-terror legislation requires foreign operators to undergo an audit by the Federal Aviation Administration, and to have a Part 129 Licence. Demand for transatlantic charters has been difficult to meet at times, due to many carriers not having the necessary authorisation (Wastnage 2005). Meeting new legislative demands has an economic effect on businesses due to the additional financial and human resources required. Terrorist attacks in holiday resorts are considered by many to be a response to foreign policy, particularly that of the UK and US. Consumer response is to book a holiday in an area considered safe, rather than to forego the holiday altogether, suggesting that airlines carrying holidaymakers should consider a portfolio of varied destinations. The instability of the market due to international politics has encouraged some airlines to carry out work through contractors (for example, Air Atlanta), who will provide aircraft and crew without the demand for the level of commitment required with an airline’s own staff and aircraft investment. The Influence of Europe The UK is required to adhere to European laws which may affect airlines. For example, UK legislation is being broadened to encompass an EC directive on Age Discrimination. From October 2006, one of its effects will be to outlaw forced retirement before age 65 unless it can be justified (www.agepositive.gov.uk). Current practice at British Airways is to retire pilots at 55: as many transfer to other airlines, it would appear unjustified. Salaries are much higher for pilots with long service at BA and the effect of having to keep them rather than employing cheaper new pilots could affect profits. Iraq War The Iraq war has impacted on oil prices. It has been argued that the agenda behind the US/UK decision to go to war was oil-influenced, with the US increasingly reliant on Gulf oil and hence having a particular interest in control of oilfields in the region (Cable 2003). Airlines are particularly sensitive to changes in oil prices due to their large amount of fuel consumption, and all airlines have recently had to choose between reflecting rising fuel costs in ticket prices or accepting reduced profits. Global Change The ‘BRIC’ nations – Brazil, Russia, India and China – are set to become more economically influential in coming decades. China has recently removed the barriers to private airline companies. Domestic flights in China have increased by 20% over a year, which equates to 17,000 extra flights per month (Brown 2005), as planes replace trains as the preferred method of domestic transport. This generates business for aeroplane manufacturers but places additional demands on the world oil supply. It is also part of a larger trend of China engaging more with the global economy, with the consequence of boosting wealth and consumption among its population. The Brewing Industry Environmental Issues Brewing, as with airlines, is affected by green issues. In July 2005, the British Beer and Pub Association reported a continuing fall in the energy used to produce a pint of beer to achieve double the industry’s target, reducing CO2 emissions by 13.9% (www.beerandpub.com, press release 16/2005). Although reducing emissions requires investment, meeting targets qualifies the industry for a rebate on the Climate Change Levy. Changes in Student Funding The student market is important to the brewing industry. Changes to student finances over the last 15 years have seen a switch from non-repayable grants to repayable loans to support study, with tuition fees added to student costs. This has not reduced student spending as might be expected. The average student spends  £7000 per year and 70% of students have part-time jobs (Turner 2005). Debt is accepted as the norm to meet study and living costs, with a wide range of lending sources available. Money for drinking is hence readily available, and Reachstudents, an independent marketing consultancy, claims that 29% of student spending is on entertainment (www.reachstudents.co.uk), including drinking. Extension of Licensing Hours The UK Government has proposed extended licensing hours in England and Wales: however, legislation is being opposed by the Conservatives and LibDems as well as medical bodies and organisations working to reduce alcohol problems. Implementation in November is threatened which could affect permissions granted for Christmas and New Year and reduce takings during the most profitable trading period of the year (Wintour 2005). Smoking Ban Initial plans to implement a smoking ban only in pubs where food is served have been changed in favour of an outright ban on smoking in all pubs (e.g. Carr-Brown 2005). Spirit is the UK’s largest pub chain and owns brands including Chef and Brewer. It suggests a gradual transition to pubs becoming non-smoking, anticipating that an immediate implementation could result in 5000 pub closures and 75,000 job losses across all pub companies. The chain JD Wetherspoon has already begun introducing a complete ban on smoking in a number of its pubs. However, it has recently reported a 4% drop in profits, with an even higher figure of 7% among its non-smoking pubs (Anon 2005). Binge drinking Binge drinking is somewhat double-edged for the brewing industry. On the surface, the increase in drinking to excess would appear to bode well for brewing industry profits. However, drinking large volumes often takes place in conjunction with drinks promotions, where lower prices mean a higher quantity must be consumed to give the same profit. JD Wetherspoon, responding to a recent drop in profits, suggested that the proliferation of binge drinking was keeping many consumers away from town centres and pubs (Anon 2005). Government policy on binge drinking has been criticised for its reluctance to take more extreme measures (e.g Plant 2004): however, there is pressure on the government to take steps to tackle binge drinking and the consequences for the brewing industry are uncertain. Could it open up a more profitable market by creating a more pleasant drinking atmosphere, encouraging more people to drink moderately? Or could the amount drunk in the UK drop significantly, or measures be too little to impact on the current situation? Fuel Prices The brewing industry is affected by the increase in fuel prices caused in part by the Iraq conflict, discussed previously. Transport and distribution costs have been increased by the rise in fuel costs, and consumer spending is also impacted by increased petrol and diesel costs reducing disposable income. While world oil prices affect fuel costs to some extent, a far greater proportion of the cost of a litre of petrol or diesel is the tax – both fuel duty and VAT – which are set by the Chancellor: domestic policy is having more effect than global oil price trends. Conclusion From the above, it can be seen that politics both in the UK and around the world impact on the airline and brewing industries in many different ways. While the industries can have some impact through lobbying the government, or by encouraging public support for industry-friendly policies, a significant proportion of political influences cannot be impacted by the industry, and potential threats and opportunities must therefore be addressed in each organisation’s business strategy. 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